58．鈴木伸一・嶋田洋徳・坂野雄二（2001）．テストへの対処行動の継時的変化とストレス状態との関連 心理学研究，72，290-297．
59．大竹恵子・島井哲志・嶋田洋徳（2001）．中学生の喫煙意図と保護者の喫煙行動，養育態度の関係 学校保健研究，43，426-434．
60．嶋田洋徳（2002）．長期体験合宿が児童生徒の心理的側面に及ぼす影響 変動する社会における社会病理現象に関する総合的研究，6，56-61．
61．嶋田洋徳・井上和哉・和田美佐子（2002）．項目反応理論を用いた異性不安尺度の項目分析 人文科学研究，110，1-15．
62．嶋田洋徳（2003）．中学生における社会的スキル訓練が心理的ストレス反応に及ぼす影響 行動療法研究，29(1)，37-48．
63．金井嘉宏・嶋田洋徳・坂野雄二（2003）．対処スタイルが注意バイアスに及ぼす影響 行動療法研究，29(2)，159-170．
64．井上敦子・深澤道子・嶋田洋徳・坂野雄二（2004）．過去のいじめ被害体験に対する評価が大学生の self-esteem に与える影響 早稲田大学臨床心理学研究，3，15-25．
65．笹川智子・金井嘉宏・陳峻文・嶋田洋徳・坂野雄二（2004）．項目反応理論による社会的回避行動測定尺度の比較検討 早稲田大学臨床心理学研究，3，55-64．
66．嶋田洋徳・小野久美子（2004）．アサーション行動が摂食障害傾向に及ぼす影響：女子高校生と女子大学生の比較検討 早稲田大学臨床心理学研究，3，65-73．
67．杉山恵一・境泉洋・陳峻文・野村忍・嶋田洋徳・貝谷久宣・坂野雄二（2004）．一般大学生における Anger Attack に関する検討 早稲田大学臨床心理学研究，3，75-82．
68．植田健太・境泉洋・佐藤寛・石川信一・中村光・山崎久美子・嶋田洋徳・坂野雄二（2004）．ひきこもり状態にある人を持つ親のストレス反応 早稲田大学臨床心理学研究，3，93-100．
69．堀明人・嶋田洋徳・佐々木和義（2004）．学級単位による集団社会的スキル訓練のストレス反応軽減効果 発達心理臨床研究，10，25-32．
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Life Style Index の日本語短縮版の作成および標準化の試み
Development of the short-form version of Life Style Index-J
鈴木 平（早稲田大学大学院人間科学研究科）・依田麻子（日本大学文理学部）・越川房子（早稲田大学文学部）・杉若弘子（奈良教育大学教育学部）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・瀬戸正弘（早稲田大学人間科学部）・上里一郎（早稲田大学人間科学部）
Taira SUZUKI (Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University), Asako YODA (College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University), Fusako KOSHIKAWA (School of Literature, Waseda University), Hiroko SUGIWAKA (Nara University of Education), Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), Masahiro SETO (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University), & Ichiro AGARI (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
健康心理学研究（日本健康心理学会），10 (2)，31-43．（1997）
The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology（The Japanese Association of Health Psychology）
The present study aimed to standardize a short form of the Japanese translation of the Life Style Index (LSI). LSI was developed by Plutchik, Kellerman, & Conte (1989), in order to measure defense mechanism. In this study, the authors reconsidered LSI as a scale to measure coping styles with underlying defense mechanism. After conducting factor analysis, 5 factors were extracted, however they were different from those of the original LSI. This may mean that defense mechanism may not be measured objectively, because defense mechanism is regarded as unconscious. Meanwhile, the result does not seem to be contradictory to the hypothesis that defense mechanism and coping have similar aspects. Future research on what the standardized short form of the scale measures means, is necessary in health psychology and psychiatry.
Key Words: defense mechanism, coping, standardization.
- 新しい心理的ストレス反応尺度（SRS-18）の開発と信頼性・妥当性の検討
Development of a new Psychological Stress Response Scale (SRS-18) and Investigation of the reliability and the validity
鈴木伸一（早稲田大学大学院人間科学研究科）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・三浦正江（早稲田大学大学院人間科学研究科）・片柳弘司（久留米大学大学院比較文化研究科）・右馬埜力也（杏林大学大学院保健学研究科）・坂野雄二（早稲田大学人間科学部）
Shin-ichi SUZUKI (Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University), Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), Masae MIURA (Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University), Koji KATAYANAGI (Graduate School of Comparative Studies of International Culture and Societies, Kurume University), Rikiya UMANO (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyorin University), & Yuji SAKANO (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
行動医学研究（日本行動医学会），4，22-29．（1997）
Japanese Journal of Behavioral Medicine（Japanese Society of Behavioral Medicine）
The purposes of this study were to develop a scale which measures multiple psychological stress responses simply and easily, and to investigate its reliability and validity. First, Stress Response scale-18 (SRS-18) was developed. Subjects were 3,841 males and females (1,316 high school students, 1,206 undergraduate students, and 1,329 adults). As a result of factor analysis, it was revealed that the scale included following three factors; "Depression-Anxiety", "irritability-Anger", and "Helplessness". Each factor included six items. The reliability of SRS-18 was investigated by Cronbach's alpha, test-retest method, and Spearman-Brown's coefficient. Second, the validity of SRS-18 was investigated through content validity, discriminant validity between high and low stressed subjects, and discriminant validity between clinical and nonclinical subjects. The results of this study indicated that SRS-18 had high reliability and validity. Finally, the application of SRS-18 in clinical and nonclinical settings was discussed from the viewpoint of stress management.
Key Words: psychological stress responses, measurement, reliability, validity.
- 学校ストレスといじめ
School stress and school bullying
嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）
Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University)
いじめ防止教育実践研究（広島大学学校教育学部附属教育実践総合センター），2，43-53．（1997）
Journal of Educational Research in School Bullying（Center for School Education Research and Development, The Faculty of School Education, Hiroshima University）
児童生徒を対象として実証的データを収集した心理的ストレス研究を展望し，心理的ストレスといじめとの関連性について考察した．１．はじめに，２．児童生徒の学校ストレスの理解，３．心理的ストレスと個人特性，４．ストレスマネジメントの方法，５．いじめ問題に対する行動カウンセリング，６．さいごに，から構成された．
- 高校生における原因帰属スタイルの日韓比較
The comparison of causal attributional style between Japanese and Korean high school students
嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）
Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University)
人文科学研究（新潟大学人文学部），96，1-16．（1998）
Studies in Humanities（Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University）
The purpose of this study was to compare the causal style between Japanese and Korean high school students. In this study, 211 Japanese students and 659 Korean students completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Japanese or Korean version), and Stress Response Scale (SRS-18). The strength of psychological stress responses is regarded as a good index for assessing one's well-being. As results of t-tests between Japanese and Korean, it was revealed that Japanese high school students have more adaptive style than Korean high school students do in negative situation. On the other hand, no significant differences of style have obtained in positive situation. And, it was shown that Korean high school students was more stressful than Japanese in their school life. These results suggested that maladaptive style influence on various stress responses in Korean students. Finally, the significance of measuring one's style and its application for stress management were discussed.
Key Words: attributional style, high school students, Japanese, Korean, stress responses.
- 慢性疾患患者におけるソーシャルサポートとセルフ・エフィカシーの心理的ストレス軽減効果
Effects of social support and self-efficacy on psychological stress responses in chronic disease patients
金 外淑（パブリックヘルスリサーチセンター）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・坂野雄二（早稲田大学人間科学部）
Woe Sook KIM (Public Health Research Foundation), Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), & Yuji SAKANO (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
心身医学（日本心身医学会），38，317-323．（1998）
Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine（Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Medicine）
Social support is well-known as a factor which influences on mental health or psychological well-being. Generally speaking, it has been suggested that the stronger one perceives his/her social support, the less he/she shows various psychological stress responses. The purposes of this study were to develop the scale for social support which influences on motivation for a long-term treatment in chronic disease patients, and to examine the effect of social support as patients' external resource and self-efficacy on health behavior as their internal resource on psychological stress responses respectively. In Study I, items relating to social support in daily life setting were collected from 50 patients with chronic disease (heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and so on). As a result of factor analysis with varimax rotation based on data from 171 normal subjects over the age of 30, it was revealed that the social support scale for chronic disease patients has two main factors; I. Emotional support in daily life (12 items: e.g. "You have an individual who understands you well") and II. Behavioral support for disease (8 items: e.g. "You have an individual who cooks daily meals considering calories"). Reliabilities of each subscale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient were high (.90 for factor I and .80 for factor II). The validity of the scale was checked from viewpoints of content validity and factorial validity. In Study II, relationship among social support, self-efficacy on health behavior and psychological stress responses was investigated. Subjects were 145 chronic disease patients (heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and so on). They were requested to complete the social support scale for chronic disease patients which was developed in Study I, the scale of self-efficacy on health behavior, and psychological stress response scale (SRS-18). As a result of path analysis using the score of psychological stress responses as dependent variable and the scores of subscales of social support scale ("Emotional support in daily life" and "Behavioral support for disease") and self-efficacy scale ("Active coping behavior with disease" and "Controllability for health"), it was shown that social support does not influence on psychological stress responses directly, but does indirectly via self-efficacy on health behavior. Particularly, "Behavioral support for disease" played an important role to enhance self-efficacy on health behavior. It was revealed that strong behavioral support for disease enhanced active coping behavior with disease, and then reduction of various psychological stress responses is achieved. Finally, significance of behavioral social support for disease as a factor that enhances self-efficacy on health behavior, and effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral approach on keeping chronic disease patients healthy were discussed.
Key Words: social support, self-efficacy, psychological stress responses, chronic disease patient, coping behavior.
- ハーディネスが職場ストレスに及ぼす影響
The effect of hardiness on occupational stress
右馬埜力也（杏林大学大学院保健学研究科）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・坂野雄二（早稲田大学人間科学部）
Rikiya UMANO (Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyorin University), Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), & Yuji SAKANO (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
健康心理学研究（日本健康心理学会），11 (2)，25-36．（1998）
The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology（The Japanese Association of Health Psychology）
It has been said that environmental and individual factors cause occupational stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hardiness (commitment, control and challenge) as a personality trait that could keep health under stressful situation on psychological and physical stress responses in an occupational situation. Nine hundred fifty five office workers were requested to complete a set of questionnaires including on work stressor, hardiness, psychological and physical stress responses. The results revealed that there were high correlations between control and helplessness and between control and depression-anxiety. The buffering effect of hardiness was found under physical stressor, that is those who showed high scores of hardiness expressed less stress responses under physical stressor. As for other stressors, no buffering effect of hardiness was found. The result of this study indicated that hardiness is not always effective in stressful situation, and that the buffering effect of hardiness was different from stressor to stressor.
Key Words: occupational stress, hardiness, stress responses.
- 小学生のコーピング方略の実態と役割
The role of emotional and behavioral coping strategies in elementary school children
大竹恵子（神戸女学院大学大学院人間科学研究科）・島井哲志（神戸女学院大学人間科学部）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）
Keiko OTAKE (Graduate School of Human Sciences, Kobe College), Satoshi SHIMAI (Department of Human Sciences, Kobe College), & Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University)
健康心理学研究（日本健康心理学会），11 (2)，37-47．（1998）
The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology（The Japanese Association of Health Psychology）
The present study was to investigate the emotion and behavioral coping strategies in elementary school children, and the relationship between stress responses and social support. The survey about coping, and subjective symptoms and perceived social support were conducted with 712 (395 boys and 317 girls) upper level elementary school children. The results showed that: 1) Children frequently used emotional and behavioral coping strategies in stress situations. 2) Six coping strategies were found by factor analysis, i.e., problem solving, behavioral avoidance, distraction, seeking social support, cognitive avoidance, and emotional avoidance. 3) Children who frequently used behavioral avoidance showed the highest scores of stress responses, 4) Boys who chose emotional avoidance were easily tired and irritable. These results suggested that it is important for the health of school children to have emotional and behavioral coping strategies and the approach / avoidance conceptualizations of coping help to clarify the ways in which children cope. Finally, it is suggested that further research about the relationship with coping strategies and health in school children is necessary in order to develop stress management education.
Key Words: coping strategies, stress responses, perceived social support, stress, elementary school children.
- 教育場面における臨床心理学的研究の動向と課題：行動的アプローチを中心に
Review of research trends on educational psychology in Japan during the past year on clinical services
嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）
Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University)
教育心理学年報（日本教育心理学会），38，120-129．（1999）
The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan（The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology）
過去１年間の教育場面における臨床心理学的研究の動向について，特に行動的アプローチを用いているものを中心に展望した．１．はじめに，２．スクールカウンセラー（ＳＣ）に関する研究（ＳＣの役割・必要性，コンサルテーションの実際，ＳＣ活動の特異性），３．学校内外の教育相談スタッフに関する研究（教育相談担当教師への援助，養護教諭への援助，その他の相談員・外部相談機関），４．不登校に関する研究（アセスメント，行動的介入の奏功事例，不登校介入の予後，親への支援プログラム），５．いじめに関する研究（研究法，いじめの認識，いじめへの行動的介入，いじめへの対応と影響，いじめの原因），６．ストレス・学校適応に関する研究（学校ストレス，ソーシャルサポート，学校適応・問題行動），７．非行・攻撃行動に関する研究（非行，攻撃行動，攻撃行動への行動的介入），８．社会的スキルに関する研究（基礎的研究，社会的スキル訓練の効果，臨床的介入，主張訓練の効果），９．教師と生徒の関係・教師への示唆に関する研究（教師と生徒の関係，教師への示唆），10．臨床的諸問題に関する研究（阪神大震災，自殺，食行動・過敏性腸症候群，アイデンティティ，虐待），11．カウンセリング諸技法の効果に関する研究（グループ・エンカウンター，論理療法，マクロカウンセリング，ＬＡＣ（生活分析的カウンセリング）法，カウンセリングの理解），12．おわりに，から構成された．
- 高次因子分析によるストレス対処過程の effort-distress 次元の検討
The investigation of effort-distress dimension in stress coping process according to high order factor analysis
鈴木伸一（早稲田大学大学院人間科学研究科）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・坂野雄二（早稲田大学人間科学部）
Shin-ichi SUZUKI (Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University), Hironori SHIMADA (Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), & Yuji SAKANO (School of Human Sciences, Waseda University)
ストレス科学研究（パブリックヘルスリサーチセンター），14，1-13．（1999）
Stress Sciences（Public Health Research Foundation）
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure of effort-distress dimension in stress coping process. Subjects were 487 undergraduate students (275 males and 212 females) and 236 adults (170 males and 66 females), who were requested to complete a set of questionnaires on cognitive appraisal and coping. A hypothetical model in this study was that "effort dimension" affects to "commitment", "appraisal for effect", and "problem focused coping", and that "distress dimension" affects to "controllability", "appraisal for threat", and "avoidant coping". Results of examination of the relationship between observed variables and latent variables according to high order factor analysis of covariance structure analysis revealed that Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) of hypothetical model in this study were sufficiently high. Results of this study suggested that effort-distress model was very useful to interpret individual differences of stress coping process.
Key Words: effort, distress, covariance structure analysis, high order factor analysis.
- 日本版 Buss-Perry 攻撃性質問紙（ＢＡＱ）の作成と妥当性，信頼性の検討
Development of the Japanese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ)
安藤明人（武庫川女子大学文学部）・曽我祥子（兵庫医科大学）・山崎勝之（鳴門教育大学）・島井哲志（神戸女学院大学人間科学部）・嶋田洋徳（新潟大学人文学部）・宇津木成介（神戸大学国際文化学部）・大芦治（千葉大学教育学部）・坂井明子（美作女子大学）
Akihito ANDO (Department of Human Relations, School of Letters, Mukogawa Women's University), Sachiko SOGA (Department of Psychology, Hyogo College of Medicine), Katsuyuki YAMASAKI (Department of Human Development, Naruto University of Education), Satoshi SHIMAI (Department of Human Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Kobe College), Hironori SHIMADA (Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Niigata University), Narisuke UTSUKI (Faculty of Cross-Cultural Studies, Kobe University), Osamu OASHI (Department of Educational Psychology, Chiba University), & Akiko SAKAI (Department of Child Science, Faculty of Domestic Science, Mimasaka Women's College)
心理学研究（日本心理学会），70，384-392．（1999）
The Japanese Journal of Psychology（The Japanese Psychological Association）
The Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) has been used to investigate links between personality factors and health outcomes. We developed the Japanese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ) and assessed validity and reliability of the scale. Study I (N= 1125 college students) used a 45-item rating questionnaire measuring each of four components of aggression: Anger, Hostility, Physical Aggression, and Verbal Aggression. Four aggression subscales emerged clearly from exploratory factor analysis. Study II (N= 611 college students) used a 24-item questionnaire and replicated factor structure and factor loadings of Study I. The scales were shown to be highly internally consistent, and stable at appropriate levels over 4-month time period. Normative data, factorial validity, and external evidence of construct, convergent, and discriminant validity for the scales were also presented.
Key Words: Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ), Japanese version, standardization, college students, hostility.